Valve-movement for pumps and method of closing pump-valves



(No Model.)

V 10 SheetsSheet 1. '0. G. WORTHINGTON. VALVE MOVEMENT FOR PUMPS ANDMETHOD OF CLOSING PUMP VALVES.

No. 584,533, Patented June 15,1897.

IHF: II (III a i I o I,

L HM 1 x k is w fi e M H R m j; T

l III-- I. we 7- %i i" Q N 6 Wu. fiai (No Model.) V 10 Sheets-Sheet 2.

C. G. WORTHINGTON.

VALVE MOVEMENT FOR PUMPS AND METHOD 0F CLOSING PUMPYVALVBS. No. 584,533.Patented June 15,1897.

ma NORRIS PzTzns cc, PHOT0-UTHO msumsmm o c.

(No Model.) I 10 Sheets -Sheet 3. G. 0. WORTHINGTON.

VALVE MOVEMENT FOR PUMPS AND METHOD OF CLO-SING PUMP VALVES. No.584,533. Patented June 15,1897.

ms wcnms PETERS co. wore-x mm. wpmvmon. u A

(No Model.) 10 Sheets-Sheet 4.

C. G. WORTHINGTON. VALVE MUVEMENT FOR PUMPS AND METHOD OF GLOSING PUMPVALVES- No. 584,533. Patented June 15,1897.

Q Q a E 0 b z I (No Model.) 10 sneets -sneen 5. C. G. WORTHINGTON. VALVEMOVEMENT POR PUMPS AND METHOD OF CLOSING PUMP VALVES.

No. 584,533. Patentd June 15, 1897.

A V//////// I r i 4/ m: Noam PETERS co PHOTD-LITHO wnsumuwu. n. c.

(No Model.) 10 Sheets-Sheet 6. O. O. WORTHINGTO'N.

VALVE MOVEMENT FOR PUMPS AND METHOD OF CLOSING PUMBVALVES. No; 584,533.Patented June 15,1897.

z w 5; zmgg ml W I! 2 Mani?! 44M 4 ms NORWS PETERS co vuomumov.WASHINGTON. 0 r.

(No Model.) 10 SheetsSheet 7.

0. 0. WORTHINGTON. VALVE MOVEMENT FOR PUMPS AND METHOD OF CLOSING PUMPVALVES.

No. 584,533. Patented June 15,1897.

z a y, 42 6 W21; 6% W W? ME News PETERS co, Pwm'mflno, wnsnmumu. n. c.

(No Model.)

10 S heets-Sheet 8'. O. 0. WORTHINGTON. VALVE MOVEMENT FOR PUMPS ANDMETHOD OF GLOSING PUMP VALVES.

No. 584,533. Patented June 15,1897.

(No Model): 10 Sheets-Sheet 9.

G. O. WORTHINGTON. I VALVE MOVEMENT FOR PUMPS AND METHOD 0P CLOSING PUMPVALVES.

No. 584,533 Patented June 15,1897.

2 7 K3 a Q) P X (No Model.) 10 Sheets-Sheet 1O.

0. G. WORTHINGTON, VALVE MOVEMENT FOR PUMPS AND METHOD OF GLOSING PUMPVALVES.

No. 584,533. Patented June 15, 1897.

gfif i- 7' W a WW am, 7%w 7 lUNlTE Srnrus much.

OF IRVINGTON, NEW YORK.

VALVE-MOVEMENT FOR PUMPS AND METHOD OF CLOSING PUMP-VALVES.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 584,533, dated June 15,1897. Application filed February 2'7, 1891. Serial No. 383,088. (Nomodel.)

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, CHARLES C. WORTH- INGTON, a citizen of the UnitedStates, residing at Irvington, county of VVest'chester, and State of NewYork, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in ValveMovements for Pumps and Methods of Closing Pump-Valves, fully describedand represen ted in the following specification and the accompanyingdrawings, forming a part of the same.

The object of the present invention is to provide an improvedvalve-movement for pumps and an improved method of closing pumpvalves,and especially to secure a more uniform action of steam or power pumpsand to increase the speed at which they can be operated successfully.

While the main features of the invention are of general application inpumps of all classes, the invention is of special application todirect-acting steam-pumps or pumping-engines in which the improvementsconstituting the invention cooperate with other features of theconstruction to secure certain special results not attained in otherpumps, and the invention will therefore be described and illustrated asapplied to steam -pumps or pumping-engines of this class. In. this classof pumps, as is well known, the motorpistons are connected to the rodswhich carry the cor responding pump-plungers in such manner that thepiston and plunger are free to move in either direction, according tothe side of the piston upon which the pressure is greater. It has beencustomary to provide pumps of this class with some means by which thepiston and plunger are gradually arrested at the end of the stroke ineither direction, thus avoiding the danger of damage to the pump by moreor less violent contact of the piston with the heads of the cylinder.Numerous devices have been proposed for this purpose, but that mostgenerally adopted in practice consists of double steam-ports in thecylinder so arranged that the exhaust-port is closed by the piston justbefore it reaches the end of its stroke in either direction, thuscausing the piston to be arrested gently by cushioning upon a smallportion of the exhaust-steam remaining in the cylinder. This method haspumps of this class are usually run.

recoil of the moving parts of the pump. This recoil is due to thepressure in the cushion acting upon the piston plus the pressure in theforce-main acting upon the plunger, the

pressure in the force-main being communicated to the plunger through theforce-valves, which at that moment of the stroke have not had time toclose. The effect of this recoil is to cause the Waterin theforce-chamber to flow rapidly through the force-valves into thepump-chamber, producing a current which tends to slam the force-valvesviolently to their seats. The suction-valves at the opposite end of theplunger also are slammed by the pressure produced by the recoil movementof the plunger. The violence of this slam increases with the speed ofthe pump and soon becomes an element of danger. One of the specificobjects of the present invention is to provide meanswhereby when theplunger arrives at the end of the stroke this recoil is avoided and allbackward movement of the plunger prevented until it begins its returnstroke. \Vith this pump, in which the piston is stopped entirely by thecushion, it is evident as the momentum of the moving parts increaseswith the velocity that the cushioning pressure upon the ends of thesteam-cylinder is very great at high speeds and that the danger ofdamage above referred to can be prevented only by employing a highsteamcushion at all times or providing some means by which the amount ofcushion can be regulated and increased or decreased With the speed ofthe pump.

In the use of steam-cushions, therefore, it is customary to provide somemeans by which the amount of steam retained is varied in accordance withthe speed of the pump, and for this purpose a small outlet is generallyprovided at the end of the cylinder, and this outlet controlled by arelief-valve. By the adjustment of this relief-valve the amount of steamretained can be varied, as desired, so as to secure the filling up ofthe clearancebeen found satisfactory at the speeds at which 1 spaces andthe exact adjustment of the length of stroke, with the proper cushioningof the piston at different speeds without the'employment of apermanently large cushion.

A further object of my invention is to provide means by which the pistonand plunger may be stopped wholly or partially by pressure actingagainst the plunger in the watercylinder toward the end of the stroke,thus avoiding the necessity for adjustment of the steam-cushion inaccordance with the speed of the pump and rendering it possible toemploy only a moderate steam-cushion at all speeds.

The piston and plunger maybe stopped entirely by applying increasedpressure upon the plunger at the end of the stroke, but I prefer to usea moderate amount of cushion in the steam-cylinder in connectiontherewith in order to divide up the stopping force and because thecushion is desirable in order to fill up the clearance-spaces in thesteam-cylinder and secure the immediate action of the 1 piston when thelive steam is admitted upon the reversal of the valves.

A further object of my invention is to provide means for positivelycontrolling the water-valves and especially to provide means by whichthese valves shall be gradually and positively closed by pressure duringthe lat-- ter part of the stroke of the plunger, the closing of thesevalves thereby exerting a grad ually increased stopping pressure uponthe plungers.

I provide an improved method of closing a pump-valve, either suction orforce, which consists in applying to said valve against the pumpingpressure a fluid-pressure in excess of the pumping pressure, and Iprefer to vary the pressure thus applied gradually during the stroke ofthe pump-plunger, so as to secure the gradual closing of the valveagainst the pumping pressure, and I attain the special objects pointedout above by thus closing the force-valves or an auxiliary valve orvalves between the plunger and force-main, so that the pressure in theforce-main is cut off, from the plunger of the pump at the end of itsstroke, with the result that no recoil of the plunger takes place, andthe plunger is stopped Wholly or partially by the pressure of the waterwithin the pump-cylinder. By the term pumping pressure I mean the excessof pressure upon the pump-cylinder side of the valve tending to open. orhold the valve open during the action of the pump. This fluid-pressuremay be supplied from any suitable source in single or duplex pumps, andany suitable means maybe used to control it in accordance with theaction of the plunger, so as to secure the results desired; but induplex pumps I preferably transmit a fluid-pressure varying with themovement on one side of the pump to the valve or valves on the oppositeside, so as to control the valve or valves in such a manner as to securetheir closing in the manner desired.

It is evident that the total pressure or force required to close thevalves will vary with i the line of movement of the valve relatively ltothe water-current, and it will be understood that by the expressionsagainst the pumping pressure d-HC in excess of the pumping pressure I donot mean the valve must be moved in a direction directlyopposed to thatof the current, but intend to cover, broadly, all constructions in whichthe valves are closed by a fluid-pressure acting in opposition to thepumping pressure and of sufficient amount to close the valve, whateverbe the line of movement of the valve relatively to the water-current. Iprefer to transmit this pressure directly in the force-valves, so as tosecure their gradual and positive closing in front of the plunger as thelatter reaches the end of its stroke, and I prefer to transmit thepressure also to the suctio rvalves to secure their closing behind theplunger at or about the same time, but the varying pressure may betransmitted only to the force-valves or to an auxiliary valve or valvescontrolling communication between the force-main and the water-cylinder,so as to secure the results desired, and similar auxiliary valves maybeused also with the suction-valves.

The varying pressure may be so applied as to close the auxiliary or mainvalves, or the valves may be closed by a constant pressure from the mainor other suitable source and the varying pressure employed to controlthe operation of the valves by such constant pressure. The varyingpressure, moreover, may control the operation of the valves either byopposing the constant pressure, so that the closing pressure upon thevalves varies with the ratio of the varying to the constant pressure, orthe varying pressure may operate a valve by which the constant pressureis controlled as desired to secure the closing of the valves, as abovedescribed.

In attaining the highest speeds with a steam-pump provided with positivewatervalves acting as described to cause a gradual increasing pressureto act against the plunger it may be found in some cases that theavailable pressure is not sufficient to thus close the valve, because asit begins to close the speed of the plunger is lessened, which isimmediately followed by a packing of the steam behind the steam-piston,causing an increase of steam-pressure. The increase of steam-pressurethus caused may exceed the available power for operating the watervalvesand thus prevent their closing. IVhen. a very high speed is desired,therefore, it is advisable to provide the steamcylinder or cylinderswith cut-off valves, which shall operate to cut off the admission ofsteam to the cylinder late in the stroke, so that the watervalves can bepositively closed and the plunger and piston stopped without the packingof the steam in the steam-cylinder.

In the ordinary low-duty pumps now in use the cut-off valves operate atabout five-sixths stroke, it being found necessary to continue theadmission of the steam to this late point in the stroke at the speeds atwhich these pumps are generally run. A higher economy would be attainedby cutting off earlier in the stroke, and with the positive water-valveand high speed rendered possible thereby this is practicable, as thehigh piston speed and momentum acquired by the piston and plungers willbe sufficient to carry them to the end of their stroke without the steamfollowin g as late in the stroke as with lower speeds.

As the invention is especially adapted for use in duplex direct actingsteam-pumps, in which the valves on one side may be controlled from theopposite side, as above described, and my invention consists in part ofthe construction and arrangement of connections by which the valves arecontrolled in such pumps, the invention will be illustrated inconnectionwith duplex pumps, and a full description of constructionsembodying the invention in the preferred form will now be given inconnection with such an illustration and the method and features ofconstruction forming myinvention specifically pointed out in the claims.

Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of a dupleX direct-acting steam-pump,showing the present invention in its preferred form, the section of thewater end being taken on the line 1 1 of Fig. 2 and of the steam endcentrally through the steam-cylinder on the following side of the pump.Fig. 2 is a plan View of the water end. Fig. 3 is a rear elevation ofthe water end. Fig. 4 is a longitudinal section on the line 4 4: of Fig.2. Fig. 5 is a cross-section on the line 5 5 of Fig. 2. Fig. 6 isa planview of a pump, showing a construction employing auxiliary force-valves.

Fig. 7 is a rear elevationof the water end of the same. Fig. 8 is asection on the line 8 8 of Fig. 6. Fig. 9 is a sectional elevation ofapump, showing a construction employing a single valve-controllingmotor-cylinder for each side of the pump. Fig. 10 is a plan view of thewater end of the same. Fig. 11 is a sectional elevation looking to theright from line 11 11 in Fig. 9. Fig. 12 isasection similar to Fig. 9except that the auxiliary valves are placed inside the force-valves.Fig. 13 is a plan view of the water end, show- .ing a construction inwhich the valves are closed by a constant pressure opposed by thevarying pressure. Fig. 14: is a section looking to the left on the linelat 14 of Fig. 13. Fig. 15 is a section of the water end, showing aconstruction in which the varying pressure operates a valve to control aconstant pressure closing auxiliary force and suction valves. Fig. 1G isa plan view similar to Fig. 0 except that the varying pressure istransmitted from the steam-cylinders, and Fig. 17 is a detail of amodification hereinafter referred to.

Referring to said drawings, the pumps general construction substantiallyidentical and ordinary forms of duplex pumps. A single description willsuflice for all, therefore, except in respect to the parts embodying theinvention, which are varied in the different forms.

In the operation of duplex pumps the pistons move in opposite directionsduring a part of the stroke and in the same direction during the rest ofthe stroke. When moving in the same direction, the same piston is alwaysin advance in whichever direction the two pistons are moving, and inaccordance with established practice the terms leading and followingherein refer, respectively, to the sides of the pump, the pistons ofwhich lead or follow when both are moving in the same direction.

Each of the pumps shown consists of two steam-cylinders A B and twowater-cylinders (J D, the cylinders A O and B D forming, respectively,the leading and following sides of the pump. The pistons a and thewaterplungers b for each side of the pump are connected to singlepiston-rods E F in the usual manner.

In the construction shown in some of the figures the water-cylinders onthe same side are formed in a single casting and divided into twowater-chambers on opposite ends of the plunger by means of a centralwall or diaphragm, while in the construction shown in other figures thetwo water-cylinders are formed of independentcastings, the plungeralternating between them; but it will be understood that theseconstructions are substantial equivalents and the operation of the pumpin either case the same, there being a common force-main for both endsof the plunger in all the constructions.

The steam-cylinders are provided with. the usual main -valve gearconsisting of rockshafts c, levers d, and valve-rods e, by which themain valves f for each side of the pump are operated from thepiston-rods of the other side in the manner common in duplex pumps. Thesteam-cylinders are preferably provided with separate induction andexhaust ports 9 h, so that as the pistons a near the end of theirstrokes in either direction they cover the exhaust-ports h and confine asmall amount of exhaust-steam in front of them in the ends of thecylinders by which the pistons are cushioned and arrested. This is thecommon method of cushioning, but it will be understood that any otherform of apparatus may be used for this purpose, and that, as statedabove, all cushioning of the steam-pistons may be omitted and thepistons and plungers be stopped by water-pressure only. Theinduction-ports g are controlled. by cut-oif valves .9, operating to cutoff the steam, as above described, and actuated from the levers d on thesame side of the pump by cranks t and connecting-rods u. Theconstruction of rotary cut-off valves and operating connections is thatshown in my prior patent, No. 292,525, and is a simple and efficientform, but any other may be used.

The water-cylinders are provided with the usual force-valves Z m n andsuction-valves 0 p q r, the force-valves 70 Z and suction-valves 0 pcommunicating, respectively,with the water-cylinder at the end next toand farthest from the steam end on the leading side of the pump, and theforce-valves mm and suctionvalves (1 1' corresponding thereto on thefollowing side of the pump. The force-valves communicate with theforce-chambers Gr 11 on the opposite sides of the pump and thesuction-valves with corresponding suctionchambers K L, these force andsuction chambers communicating, respectively, with the force and suctionmains M N.

In the organization shown in Figs. 1 to 6 but one force-valve and onesuction-valve for each end of the plunger is provided, while in theother organizations shown a plurality of valves for each end of theplunger are used. These constructions, however, as will be seen, aresubstantially the same.

Referring now particularly to Figs. 1 to 5, the parts in which theinvention is embodied in its preferred form as applied to the pump shownin these figures will be described. Each of the force-valves 701m n isconnected to the piston-rod 1 of a piston 2, these pistons moving insmall motor-cylinders 11 12 13 14, mounted above the respectiveforce-cham bers., The suction-valves 0 p q r are similarly connected bythe piston-rods 3 to pistons 4, moving in cylinders 15 16 17 18, mountedabove the respective suction-chambers. These small cylinders areconnected to the water-cylinders on the opposite side of the pump asfollows: The cylinders 11 12, controlling the force-valves kl on theleading side of the pump, are connected by means of the pipes 19 20 t0the water-cylinder D on the following side of the pump, these pipescommunicating with the water-cylinders on the same end of the plunger astheir respective valves 70 Z, controlled thereby. The cylinders 15 16,controlling the suction-valves 0 p 011 the leading side of the pump, areconnected by pipes 21 22 to the pipes 2O 19 and are so arranged that thesuction-valves are controlled from the diagonally opposite. ends of theplunger on the opposite side of the pump. Thus the pressure on thefollowing side of the pump controls both the force and suction valves onthe leading side of the pump through the pipes 19 20, but theforce-valves are controlled by the pressure at the ends of the plungerwhich correspond to those at which the said valves are locatedrelatively to the plunger on theirown side of the pump, while thesuction-valves are controlled by the pressure at the diagonally oppositeends of the plunger.

The cylinders 13 14, controlling the forcevalves m n on the followingside of the pump, are connected by means of pipes 24 23 to the thecorresponding ends of the plunger in the opposite Water-cylinder. Thusthe pressure on the leading side of the pump controls both the force andsuction valves on the following side of the pump through the pipes 2324; but the force-valves are controlled by the pressure at the ends ofthe plunger diagonally opposite the ends at which the valves are locatedrelatively to the plunger on their own side of the pump, while thesuction-valves are controlled by the pressure at the corresponding endsof the plunger.

Each of the pipes transmitting the pressure from the water-cylinders tothe small motorcylinders is provided with a hand-valve 5, by which thepassage of the water through the pipes and consequently the time orrapidity of movement of the force and suction valves can be accuratelyadjusted. Any other suitable means for adjusting the time or rapidity ofmovement of the valves maybe used. For instance, the stroke of thepistons in the motor-cylinders may be varied, as shown in Fig. 17, theupward movement of the pistons 2 being limited by adjustable stop 54, sothat the distance through which the valve moves in closing may be variedas desired.

The pipes transmitting the pressure from the water-cylinders enter themotor-cylinders above the pistons 2. Below the pistons the cylinders arepreferably connected to the suction-main by means of pipes 6 for apurpose hereinafter stated.

The arrangement of pipes is fully shown in the drawings, especially inFigs. 2, 3, and 4, and will be readily understood from the abovestatement.

The operation of the mechanism which has been described is as follows:It is to be remarked that, as shown in the drawings, the pump is at restand both sides of the pump are 011 center. This is not a position thatthe two sides of the pump will assume at the same time when in actualoperation, buthas been adopted for the purpose of illustration.

In describing the operation it will be assumed that the piston a of theleading side of the pump is started at the beginning of its stroke fromleft to right, the piston on the following side being then in theposition of, say, five-sixths stroke from right to left. As the pistonon the leading side moves to the right the water in front of theplunger 1) will be forced past the valve Z of that end of the cylinder,raising the valve in the usual manner, and at the same time the waterwill be drawn in behind the plunger 1), raising the IOC suction-valve atthat end of the cylinder. As the piston a and plunger I) approach theend of their stroke the cut-off valves S will operate to cut off thesteam behind the piston, the piston will cover the exhaust-port h andcushion itself upon the steam confined in the end of the steam-cylinderbeyond this port, and the piston to and plunger Z) will be arrested. henthe piston (t on the leading side of the pump is on the latter part ofits stroke, the exact point varying in different pumps and beingadjusted in the same pump in accordance with the duty to be performed,the piston a on the following side of the pump will have completed itsstroke in the same manner as above described, paused, and will start inthe same direction as that in which the piston on the leading side ismovingthat is, from left to rightthe two pistons moving in the samedirection until the piston upon the leading side has completed itsstroke, when the motion of the latter is reversed and it returnspartially during the forward stroke on the following side. This is theusual operation in duplex pumps.

It will readily be seen that if no special means are provided forclosing the valves, except the springs usually employed,the forcevalveswill be open at the time the plungers are stopped, so that the fullpressure of the water in the force-main and force-chamber will bepermitted to act for a short period of time upon the plunger. If thespeed of the pump be such that the momentum of the moving partscompresses the steam between the piston and cylinder-head sufficiently,the back pressure of this steam-cushion,together with the pressure ofthe force-main upon the plunger, will cause a rebound or recoil of thepiston and plunger, thus producing a rapid current from the force-mainthrough the force-valves into the water-cylinder, which slams theforce-valves violently to their seats, as above described. This recoilof the plunger slams also the suction-valves at the other end of theplunger which have not had time to close. It will be seen that besidestheolojectionable noise caused by this action it produces also a jarupon the pump which increases with the speed and practically preventsthe attainment of high speeds. Apart from the necessity of overcomingthis combined action of the cushion and pressure from the force-main,moreover, it is desirable that means should be provided for closing thevalves positively as the plunger reaches the end of its stroke,so thatcertainty and prom ptness in the closing of the valves are secured. Thisclosing is preferably gradual, so that an increasing cushioning pressureis applied to the plunger and the plunger is stopped slowly and withoutshock, the cushioning pressure required in the steam end being reducedthereby.

In the present organization as the plunger 1) on the leading sideadvances to the right, as before described, the pressure in thewatercylinder 0 in front of the plunger is transmitted through the pipe24 to the cylinder 13 and operates the piston 2 to positively andgradually close the forcewalve m on the following side of the pump inadvance of the plunger b, which .-is then just completing its strokefrom right to left. This pressure is transmitted also through pipes 24:and 26 to cylinder 18 and operates the piston 4 to positively close thesuction-valve r on the following side behind the plunger. T m plunger 1)on the following side havingcompleted its stroke from right to leftreturns from left to right, and as the plungerh on the leading sidecompletes its stroke from left to right the pressure in thewater-cylinder D in front of the plunger is transmitted through pipes 20and 21 to the cylinders 12 15 and operates the pistons 2 4 to close theforce-valve Z and suctionvalve 0 respectively in front of and behind theplunger b on the leading side. As the plunger on the leading side isreversed and moves from right to left the pressure in advance of theplunger is transmitted through the pipes 23 and 25 to the cylinders let17 and closes the force-valve a and suction-valve q as the plunger 1) onthe following side completes its stroke from left to right, and as theplunger b on the following side reverses it closes through pipes 19 22and cylinders 11 16 the force-valve 7t and suction-valve p as theplunger on the leading side completes its stroke from right to left.This operation is constantly repeated during the operation of the pump.

It will be seen that as the movement of one of the plungers is reversedthe pressure upon one set of force and suction valves upon the oppositeside of the pump is released and the pressure transmitted to the otherset of valves. As the pressure is released upon the force and suctionvalves they are operated by the pressure of the water acting under them,as usual in pumps.

If the small motor-cylinders were closed at their lower ends the aircontained therein would prod uee an upward pressure upon the pistonswhich must be overcome by the pressure from the wate r-cylinder, itbeing impracticable to maintain a vacuum in the cylinders. Moreover, acertain amount of water must in time pass the pistons 2 4 and collect inthe lower ends of the cylinders. The lower ends of the cylinders,therefore, are preferably entered by the pipes 6, previously referredto, which form drip-tubes. The drip from the cylinders will be relievedby these pipes if they open to the air, but as the pressure of the airis generally in excess of the low pressure on the suction side of theplunger the pipes 6 are preferably connected to the suption-main, asshown in Fig. 2, thus producing an equilibrium of pressure upon theopposite sides of the pistons 2 a when the pressure from in front of theplungers is removed therefrom.

As the pump is generally constructed and adjusted so that the plunger onone side commences its stroke somewhat prior to the completion of thestroke then being made on the other side of the pump, and as thepressure in advance of the plunger is at once transmitted to the pipesconnected with the opposite side, it may in some cases be necessary toprovide some means whereby the transmission of the pressure through thepipes shall be retarded or the operation of the pistons and valvesotherwise controlled, so that the valves shall not be fully closed untilthe plunger reaches the end of its stroke. This adjustment may be madepermanently in the construction of the pump by proportioning the sizesof the pipes and cylinders, but means, such as the hand-valves 5 orstops 54, will preferably be provided by which the operation may readilybe adjusted, as described above.

In the organization thus far described the force and suction valves areoperated directly by the pressure from the water-cylinder on theopposite side of the pump. The connections through which these valvesare operated may be varied widely as to form Without departing from myinvention, and the valves operated may be the main force and suctionvalves, as ordinarily applied and as above described, or auxiliaryvalves located anywhere in the force and suction chambers of thewater-cylinders, either between the main valves and force and suctionmains or between the plunger and main valves.

In Figs. (3 to 8 is shown an organization similar to that previouslydescribed, except that the pistons 2 are connected not to'theforce-valves but to auxiliary valves 7, located between the force-valvesand the force-main and operating to close communication between thewater-cylinder and force-main and out off the pressure in front of theplunger as the latter reaches the end of its stroke. This constructioninvolves a slight modification in the form of the force-chamber, but therela tions of the parts remain substantially unchanged. In thisorganization no connections to the suction-valves are shown,althoughsuch may be used if desired, the latter being similar to those shown inthe construction previously described, or auxiliary valves similar tothose shown in connection with the force valves and placed either insideoroutside of the suction-valves. The arrangement of pipes andconnections between the water-cylinders and the auxiliary valves onopposite sides of the pump are identical with those used in theconstruction in which the pistons are connected to the forcewalves, andno further description is necessary, the same references being appliedto corresponding parts in the two constructions. It is evident that inthis construction the closing of the auxiliary valve exerts a gradualstopping pressure upon the plunger in addition to cutting off thepressure of the force-main, so that substantially all the advantages ofthe construction previously described are obtained by the auxiliaryvalve.

In Figs. 9, 10, and 11 is shown an organization in which auxiliaryvalves are used on the force side, as in Figs. (3, 7, and 8, but theconstruction and arrangement of the parts are varied. The force-chamberon each side of the pump is divided into two compartments, one for eachend of the plunger, and these compartments communicate by ports 27 withthe force-main. These ports are controlled by means of disk valves 28,which are carried by a single valve-rod 29 on each side of the pump,passing through the wall of the force chamber, these rods being providedat their outer ends with pistons 7, which pistons move in cylinders 3031 on respectively the leading and following sides of the pump. Thepressure from the water-cylinders is transmitted to the cylinders 30 31on the opposite sides of the pump to actuate the pistons 7 and controlthe .valves 28 by the following means: The water-cylinder O on theleading side of the pump is connected to the motor-cylinder 31 on thefollowing side by the pipes 32 33, these pipes entering the cylinder 31on opposite sides of the piston 7 and connecting opposite ends of thewater-cylinder C with the corresponding ends of the motor-cylinder, sothat the pressure transmitted through pipes 32 33, respectively,operates the piston in a direction to close the port 27in advance of theplunger 1) on the following side and to open the port behind the same atthe moment when that plunger completes its stroke in either direction.The water-cylinder D on the following-side of the pump is connected tothe cylinder 30 on the leading side by means of pipes 34 35, thesepipes, however, being so arranged as to connect the ends of thewater-cylinder on the following side to the opposite ends of themotor-cylinder on the leading side, so that one set of connections arereversed, as in the constructions previously described. While the pipesreversed in this construction are those connecting the water-cylinder onthe following side to the motor-cylinder on the opposite side instead ofthose from the water-cylinder on the leading side to the motor-cylinderon the following side, as in the constructions previously described, itis evident that the result is the same in both cases, as an excess ofpressure at one end of the motor-cylinder closes the valve at theopposite end of the water-cylinder, so that the pressure in front of theplunger on the leading side still is transmitted to the valves at thediagonally opposite ends of the Water-cylinder on the following side andthat on the following side to the valves at the corresponding ends ofthe cylinder on the leading side. It is evident that the operation ofthis construction is substantially the same as that previouslydescribed, the reversal of the plunger on either side relieving thepressure on one side of the motor-piston 7 on the opposite side of thepump and transmitting pressure to the opposite side of the piston, thesuction and force pressure on one side of the pump being thusalternately transmitted to opposite sides of the pistons 7 on the opposite side of the pump. In this case the pressure behind the plunger onone side of the pump is transmitted directly to one side of themotor-piston on the opposite side of the pump and the pressure in frontof the plunger is similarly and simultaneously transmitted to the otherside of the same piston. It is apparent, therefore, that the piston isactuated in one direction or the other by the difference between thepressures in front of and behind the plunger on the opposite side of thepump. This, however, although less evident, is substantially the actionin the constructions previously described employing the pipe 6connecting the lower ends of the motor-cylinders to the suction, as thepressure behind the plunger is the same as that of the suction, andtherefore the pistons are operated by the difference between the pressures at opposite ends of the plunger. The only substantial differencebetween the constructions is that in this modification but a singlecylinder and piston is used for controlling all the valves on one sideof the pump, the pressure in front of the plunger being transmittedalternately to opposite sides of the same piston instead of to differentmotorcylinders and pistons, as in the constructions previouslydescribed. If, however, the pipes 6 are omitted or open to the air, thepressure in front of the plungers is opposed, not by thesuction-pressure, as in the modification, but by the constant pressureof a single atmosphere. l

. iVhile it is more desirablefor simplicity of construction to place theauxiliary valves shu tting off the reaction of the water column upon theplunger beyond the force-valves-that is, between the forcevalves andforce-main, as shown in Figs. 5 to 11they may be located between theplunger and the force-valves and operate as already described. Such anarrangement applied to the pump last described is shown in Fig. 12, inwhich the construction is the same as that shown in Figs. 9 to ll,except that the auxiliary valves are placed inside of the force-valves,ports 36 opening from the water-cylinders into the force-chamber atopposite ends of the plunger and being controlled by slide-valves 37,carried by valverod 29, while the usual force-valves k Z open from theforce-chamber outside the auxiliary valves to the force-main. A similararrangement may be used on the suction side.

111 the construction shown in Figs. '9 to 12 it is obvious that if thevoluntary valves be omitted the positivelyoperated valves will beclosed, so as to out off the pressure of the force-main from in front ofthe plunger and open the opposite end of the cylinder to the force-mainas the plunger reaches the end of its stroke, so that theseconstructions maybe used without the voluntary valves, provided that thevalve be operated just at the end of the stroke. It is preferable,however, to use the voluntary valve, so that the pu1np-cylinder may beopened to the force-main behind the plunger before the plunger reachesthe end of its stroke, except as it is closed by the voluntary valves,so that the valves may be closed in front of the plunger gradually.

hile I have shown constructions in which either auxiliary or the mainvalves are actuated by the pressure in the pump-cylinders on theopposite side of the pump, and I prefer this method of operation, it isevident that a construction may readily be devised and substitutedtherefor in which the valves are contr lled by the pressure in the pumpcylinders, but not closed thereby, but by pressure from some othersource. Thus the pistons may be subjected to a constant pressure, asfrom the force-main, air-chamber, or an out-side source of pressuretending to close the valve, and the pipes transmitting the pressure fromthe pump-cylinders may be arranged to connect with the motor-cylinderson the opposite side of the pistons from the constant pressure, so thatas the plunger on one side is reversed and the pressure in themotor-cylinder on the opposite side of the pump reduced to that behindthe plunger the constant pressure will close the valve at the propermoment. Upon the reversal of the plunger the higher pressure in front ofthe same will be transmitted to the cylinder and will counterbalance theconstant pressure and permit the opening of the valve, as usual.

Such an organization is shown in Figs. 13 and 14: applied to the pump ofFigs. 6, 7, and 8,

the constant pressure being transmitted from the force-main M to theupper sides of the pistons 2 through pipes 39 and the pipes 19 20 and 2324 from the respective pumpbylinders entering the motor-cylinders belowthe pistons 2. It is apparent that this construction necessitates acomplete reversal of the arrangement of the pipes forming theconnections between the pump-cylinders and motor-cylinders in theconstruction of Figs. 6 to 8, as the controlling pressure is transmittedfrom behind the plungers when the valves are to be closed instead offrom in front of the plunger, as before. Thus, as shown, the pipes 23 24from the leading side of the pump pass directly to the opposite side andthe pressure in the ends of the pump-cylinder on the leading sidecontrols the closing of the valves at the corresponding ends of theplunger on the following side, while the pipes 19 20 from the followingside are reversed in crossing and the pressure in the ends of thepumpcylinder on the following side controls the valves at the diagonallyopposite ends of the plunger on the leading side.

In Fig. 15 is shown an organization in which constant pressure isapplied to close the valves as just described, but is controlled by thevarying pressure operating a valve which admits the constant pressure toone side or the other of the piston actuating the valves. Thismodification is shown as applied to the pumps shown in Figs. 9 to 11 andpreviously described, but may be applied readily to other constructions.

Referring to Fig. 15, the parts embodying the modification will bebriefly described. The construction on opposite sides of the pump beingthe same and the generalarrangement of the pipes transmitting thevarying pressure being unchanged, only the leading side is shown and adescription of this will suffice. the auxiliary valves 28, as in Fig. 9,is pro vided at the end with a piston 40, moving in a cylinder 41,located on the side of the forcechamber in a position similar to that ofcylinder 30, the piston being actuated in either direction by a constantpressure transmitted from the force-main or other suitable sourcethrough pipe 42, valve-chamber 48, and the usual ports opening to theopposite sides of g the piston 40. These ports are controlled by aslide-valve 44, the valve-rod of which is connected to a piston 45,working in a cylinder 46, entered on opposite sides of the piston bypipes 34 35 of Figs. 9 to 11, by which the pressure is transmitted fromthe water-cylinder on the opposite side of the engine. The operation ofthis construction is exactly the same as that of the construction shownin Figs. 9 to 11, except that the movement of the piston acted upon bythe varying pressure does not control the valve directly, but throughthe slide-valve 44 controls the constant pressure and piston 40, so asto secure the closing of the auxiliary valves 28 in the same manner aswhen they are directly operated by the varying pressure. Thisconstruction affords also a convenient arrangement in employingauxiliary suction-valves. As shown in Fig. 15, the construction on thesuction side is exactly the same as that upon the force side, ports 47connecting the suction-main and suction-valves and being controlled byauxiliary disk valves 48, carried by a valve-rod 49, which is connectedto the piston 50, operating in a cylinder 51 similar to cylinder 41 onthe force side. The constant pressure may be transmitted to the cylinder51 on the suction side in any suitable manner, but the constructionshown will be found simple and efficient, in which pipes 52 connect thecylinders 41 and 51, so that the single valve 44 controls the admissionof the constant pressure to both cylinders on one side of the pump. Asthe force andsuction valves closed simultaneously are at opposite endsof the plunger, the valve-rods 49 and 29 must move in oppositedirections, which'result may readily be attained by crossing pipes 52 50between the cylinders 41 51, as shown, or in any other suitable manner.

While I have shown the pipes as connected directly to the body of thepump-cylinders, it is evident that they may connect anywhere between theplunger and the inside valves on The auxiliary-valve rod 29, carryingthe force or suction side of the pump, as the pulsations of the fluidare the same at any point inside of these valves. By the termpump-cylinder, therefore, I intend to cover the entire space between theinner valves on the suction and force sides of the plunger. It will beunderstood also that the term plunger covers a piston.

In the constructions thus far described the pressure within thepump-cylinders has in all cases been used as the varying pressurecontrolling the valves. It is apparent, however, that the pressurebehind the steam-pistons varies in the same manner as the pressure infront of the corresponding plungcrs. The pressure within thesteam-cylinders, therefore, may be used in place of that within thewater-cylinders with substantially the same results, as described. Sucha modification is shown in Fig. 16, in which the construction isidentical with that shown in Figs. 6 to 8, except that the pipestransmitting the varying pressure connect not to the water-cylinders atopposite ends of the plungers, but to the steam-cylinders at oppositeends of the steam-pistons. As the pressure behind the piston correspondsto that in front of the plunger, and vice versa, it is evident that, asin the construction shown in Figs. 13 and 14, a complete reversal of thepipes forming the connections between the opposite sides of the pump isnecessary. The pipes 23 24, therefore, from the opposite ends of thesteam-cylinders on the leading side pass to the valves at thecorresponding ends of the plunger on v the following side, while thepipes 19 20 from the following side are crossed and pass to the valvesat the opposite ends of the plunger on the leading side. The pressure bywhich the valves are operated, however, corresponds in the twoconstructions, the reversal of the arrangement of the pipes onlyoffsetting the reversal in the ends of the cylinders at which theoperating pressure is found and the pressure behind the piston beingonly substituted for its equivalent, the pressure in front of theplunger.

It is evident that the pressure from the steam-cylinders may besubstituted also for the pressure from the water-cylinders in the otherconstructions shown,whether the valves be operated by the varyingpressure or by an outside pressure controlled by the varying pressure.Such constructions involve only corresponding modifications inthe'arrangements of the pipes transmitting the pressure and require nospecial description or illustration.

By the use of an auxiliary valve placed between the cylinder and themain, either be- IIO tween the plunger and the valves or between thevalves and main, I do not in any respect alter the function of thevalves. In case the auxiliary valve on the force side he comesobstructed at any time or held from its seat by any foreign matterpassing through the pump the force-valves are still free to theauxiliary valve has been relieved and the regular action of the pumpresumed. Further, in case of any accident or breakage, either to theauxiliary force-valve or the controlling connections, the valve may beremoved for repair, during which interval the pump may be operated as inthe common construction at a somewhat slower piston speed than iscustomary with the auxiliary valve in commission.

It is apparent that many other changes might be made in the organizationshown Without departing from my invention, and I do not intend to limitmyself to any of the special constructions shown and described, as theinvention has been shown embodied in these pumps only for the purpose ofillustration and as well adapted to exhibit my invention in those formswhich I consider preferable. The broad invention, however, is of generalapplication to pumps independently of the special type of pump to whichit is applied.

By the term duplex pump, used in some of the claims, I mean and intendto cover a pump having a plurality of plungers acting with each other,but with their strokes timed differentlyas, for instance, in theVVorthington duplex pumping-engine, shown herein, and other well knownpumping-engines and I do not mean to include therein an engine havingonly a single plunger or a plurality of plungers connected soas to movein unison, as in the case of a single double-acting pump.

I do not claim herein, broadly, a valve located between the plunger andmain and positively closed against the pumping pressure, nor, broadly,an auxiliary valve thus located and closed, as these subject-matters areclaimed in Patent No. 526,429, granted to me September 25, 1894. Themethod and construction in which the valve is closed by a constantpressure controlled by a varying fluid-pressure forms the subject matterof another application, Serial No. 447,189, filed September 28, 1892.

hat I claim is 1. The method of closing a pump-valve against the pumpingpressure, which consists in applying to the valve against the pumpingpressure a fluid-pressure in excess of the pumping pressure,substantially as described.

2. The method of controlling a pump-valve, which consists in applying afluid-pressure to the valve against the pumping pressure and varyingsaid pressure during the stroke of the pump-plunger from a pressurebelow to a pressure in excess of the pumping pressure, substantially asdescribed.

3. The combination with a pump-valve, of

acolumn of fluid having a pressure in excess of the pumping pressureapplied to close said valve against the pumping pressure, substantiallyas described.

4. The combination with a pumpwalve, of a column of fluid having apressure varying during the stroke of the pump-plunger applied to closesaid valve against the pumping pressure, substantially as described.

5. The combination with a pump-valve, of a column of fluid having apressure in excess of the pumping pressure applied to said valve againstthe pumping pressure, and means for controlling said pressure inaccordance with the action of the plunger, whereby the valve is closedagainst the pumping pressure as the plunger reaches the end of itsstroke, substantially as described.

6. In a pump, the combination with a valve between the plunger andforce-main, of a column of fluid having a pressure in excess of thepumping pressure applied to close said valve against the pumpingpressure, substantially as described.

7. In a pump, the combination with a valve between the plunger andforce-main, ot' a column of fluid having a pressure varying during thestroke of the pump-plunger applied to close said valve against thepumping pressure, substantially as described.

8. In a pump, the combination with a valve between the plunger andforce-main, of a column of fluid having a pressure in excess of thepumping pressure applied to said valve against the pumping pressure, andmeans for controlling said pressure in accordance with the action of theplunger, whereby the valve is closed against the pumping pressure as theplunger reaches the end of its stroke, substantially as described.

9. In a duplex pump, the combination with a pumpvalve, of a column offluid applied to said valve against the pumping pressure, and means forcontrolling said pressure from the opposite side of the pump,substantially as described.

10. In a duplex pump,, the combination with a pump'valve, of a column offluid from the opposite side of the pump having a pressure varyingduring the stroke of the pump-plunger on the valve side of the pumpapplied to said valve, substantially as described.

11. In a duplex pump, the combination with a Valve between the plungerand force-main, of a column of fluid applied to said valve against thepumping pressure, and means for controlling said pressure from theopposite side of the pump,whereby the valve is closed in front of theplunger as the latter reaches the end of its stroke, substantially asdescribed.

l2. Ina duplex pump, the combination with a valve between the plungerand force-main, of a column of fluid from the opposite side of the pumphaving a pressure in excess of the pumping pressure applied to saidvalve against the pumping pressure as the plunger ICC IIO

reaches the end of its stroke, substantially as described.

13. In a duplex pump, the combination with the pump-valves, of columnsof fluid from each side of the pump having a pressure varyin g duringthe stroke of the pump-plunger on the opposite side applied to thevalves on the opposite side of the pump, substantially as described.

14:. In a duplex pump, the combination with the pump-valves, ofmotor-cylinders controlling said valves,and connections between saidmotor-cylinders and a source of fluid-pressure on the opposite side ofthe pump varying durin g the stroke of the pump-plunger,whereby avarying fluid-pressure on one side of the pump is transmitted to themotor-cylinders and controls the valves on the opposite side of thepump, substantially as described.

15. In a duplex pump, the combination with the pump-valves, ofmotor-cylinders controlling said valves, and connections between saidmotor-cylinders and a source of fluid-pressure on the opposite side ofthe pump in excess of the pumping pressure, whereby a fluid-pressure onone side of the pump is transmitted to the motor-cylinders and closesthe valves on the opposite side of the pump as the plunger reaches theend of the stroke, substantially as described.

16. In a duplex pump, the combination with the pump-valves, ofmotor-cylinderscontrolling said valves, connections between saidmotor-cylinders and a source of varying fluidpressure on the oppositeside of the pump whereby a varying fluid-pressure on each side of thepump is transmitted to the motor-cylinders and controls the valves onthe opposite side of the pump, and means for adjusting the time ofact-ion of said pressure on saidvalves, substantially as described.

17. In a duplex pu mp, the combination with valves located between theplungers and force-main, of motor-cylinders controlling said valves, andconnections between said motor-cylinders and a source of varyingfluidpressure on the opposite side of the pump, whereby a varyingfluid-pressure on each side of the pump is transmitted to themotor-cylinders and controls the closing of the valves in front of theplunger on the opposite side of the pump as the plunger reaches the endof its stroke, substantially as described.

18. The combination with the pump-cylinders, plungers and pump-valves ofa duplex pump, of motor cylinders controlling said valves, andconnections between said motorcylinders and the pump-cylinder on the opposite side of the pump, whereby the pressure in the pump-cylinder oneach side of the pump is transmitted to the motor-cylinders and controlsthe valves on the opposite sides of the pump, substantially asdescribed.

19. The combination with the pump-cylinders and plungers of aduplexpu-mp,of valves located between the plungers and force-main,motor-cylinders controlling said valves, and

connections between said motor-cylinders and V the pump-cylinder on theopposite side of the pump, whereby the pressure in the pumpcylinder oneach side of the pump is transmitted to the motor-cylinders and controlsthe valves in front of the plunger on the opposite side of the pump,substantially as described.

20. The combination with the pump-cylinders, plungers, andsuction-valves of a duplex pump, of motorcylinders controlling saidsuction-valves, and connections between said motor-cylinders and thepump-eylinder on the opposite side of the pump whereby the pressure inthe pump-cylinder on each side of the pump is transmitted to themotor-cylinders and controls the suction-valves on the opposite side ofthe pump, substantially as described. 1

21. The combination with the pump-cylinders, plungers, and force andsuction valves of a duplex pump, of motor-cylinders controlling saidforce and suction valves, and connections between said motor-cylindersand the pump-cylinder on the opposite side of the pump whereby thepressure in front of the plunger on each side of the pump is transmittedto the motor-cylinders and closes the force and suction valvesrespectively in front of and behind the plunger on the opposite side ofthe pump as the plunger reaches the end of its stroke, substantially asdescribed.

22. In a duplex pump, the combination of valves controllingcommunication between each end of the plungers and the force and suctionmains, a motor-cylinder on each side of the pump controlling saidvalves, and connections between said motor-cylinders and a source ofvarying fluid-pressure on the opposite side of the pump, whereby avarying pressure on each side of the pump is transmitted to amotor-cylinder and controls the valves at both ends of the plunger atthe opposite side of the pump, substantially as described.

23. In a direct-acting pump, the combination with a motor-piston and itsplunger, of a valve between the plunger and force-main, and a column offluid having a pressure in excess of the pumping pressure appliedtoclose said valve against the pumping pressure as the plunger reachesthe end of its stroke, substantially as described.

24. The-combination with the motor-pistons and the plungers of adirect-acting duplex pump, of valves between the plungers andforce-main, columns of fluid having a pressure in excess of the pumpingpressure applied to close said valves against the pumping pressure, andmeans for controlling said fluidpressure from the opposite side of thepump, substantially as described.

25. The combination with the motor-pistons, and the pump-cylinders andplungers of a direct-acting duplex pump, of valves between the plungersand force-main, andconnections between said valves and the pumpcylinderson the opposite sides of the pump, whereby the pressure in thepump-cylinder IIO

